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Five Woodruff School Students Receive NSF Fellowships

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Woodruff School NSF Graduate Fellowship winnersThe National Science Foundation (NSF) received more than 12,000 applications, from all 50 states as well as the District of Columbia and U.S. territories, for this year’s Graduate Research Fellowship. Of the 2,000 reward offers made to outstanding students pursuing research-based master’s and doctoral degrees, five were awarded to Woodruff School graduate researchers.

The Woodruff School is very pleased to present this year’s NSF Graduate Research Fellowship recipients and their advisors:

Camila Camargo, Mechanical Engineering, Advisor – Susan Thomas

Marshall Johnson, Mechanical Engineering, Advisor – Surya Kalidindi

Karen Martin, Mechanical Engineering (BIOE), Advisor – Andres Garcia

Maguerite Matherne, Mechanical Engineering, Advisor – David Hu

Alexander Murphy, Mechanical Engineering, Advisor – Julie Linsey

The National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) is the country’s oldest fellowship program that directly supports graduate students in various STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) fields. As the oldest graduate fellowship of its kind, the GRFP has a long history of selecting recipients who achieve high levels of success in their future academic and professional careers. The reputation of the GRFP follows recipients and often helps them become life-long leaders that contribute significantly to both scientific innovation and teaching.

"To support U.S. leadership and innovation in science and engineering, we must recognize and nurture talent from all of our nation's communities," said Jim Lewis, NSF acting assistant director for Education and Human Resources. "I am pleased that again this year, the competition has selected talented students from all economic backgrounds and all demographic categories. In addition, NSF worked successfully to accommodate students from U.S. islands devastated by Hurricanes Maria and Irma, so that they could still compete for a fellowship."

The group of 2,000 awardees is diverse, including 1,156 women, 461 individuals from underrepresented minority groups, 75 persons with disabilities, 27 veterans and 780 who have not yet enrolled in graduate school. These awardees did their undergraduate studies at more than 443 institutions, ranging from small undergraduate, minority-serving, tribal and community colleges, to large state or private universities and Ivy League institutions.

Since 1952, NSF has funded close to 50,000 Graduate Research Fellowships out of more than 500,000 applicants.  Currently, 42 Fellows have gone on to become Nobel laureates, and more than 450 have become members of the National Academy of Sciences.  In addition, the Graduate Research Fellowship Program has a high rate of doctorate degree completion, with more than 70 percent of students completing their doctorates within 11 years.

 


Ranjan Named Provost Teaching and Learning Fellow

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Woodruff School Associate Professor Devesh Ranjan has been selected to serve as one of five 2018-2020 Provost Teaching and Learning Fellows by the Center for Teaching and Learning and the Dean of the College of Engineering.

“Being recognized as a Provost Teaching and Learning Fellow is an honor for our faculty who have shown a commitment to effective teaching and learning,” said Steve McLaughlin, Dean of the College of Engineering and Southern Company Chair. “This is an opportunity for them to play a leadership role across the campus and within the College regarding innovative programs for faculty, postdoctoral scholars, and graduate students who want to enhance their teaching practices.”

“I am honored to have been selected as a Provost Teaching and Learning Fellow as it will allow me to gain and exchange knowledge about innovation in teaching/education and meet and learn from other educators at GT campus from across various disciplines, said Dr. Ranjan. “I strongly believe that the 21st century challenge in higher education is to meet our students where they are, and utilize the power of emerging technologies, instructional tools, and online forums to make classroom environment and learning processes more dynamic.”

The Provost Teaching and Learning Fellows program was jointly established by the Provost and the Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL) in Fall 2016 with the aim of strengthening teaching and learning in the colleges through an embedded system of ongoing instructional support and special initiatives. In this second group, Dr. Ranjan joins Dr. Thomas Fuller, Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; Dr. Kamran Paynabar, Industrial & Systems  Engineering; Dr. Dong Qin, Materials Science & Engineering; and Julian Jose Rimoli, Aerospace Engineering in the two-year fellowship.

“I am excited to extend invitations to our second cohort of Provost Teaching and Learning Fellows, and I especially look forward to working with Dr. Devesh Ranjan,” said Dr. Joyce Weinsheimer, Director for the Center for Teaching and Learning. “I am confident that his disciplinary expertise and his leadership efforts will enhance the profile of teaching and learning in the College of Engineering.”

Provost Teaching and Learning Fellows engage in topics such as cultivating change in higher education and fostering an environment that rewards teaching and learning. In addition, Provost Teaching and Learning Fellows work to develop and further college-specific initiatives, which are informed by discussions with key leaders in the colleges.

“With this appointment, Devesh Ranjan exemplifies the Woodruff school’s continuous drive to improve the education of our students. Devesh joins ME faculty members Julie Linsey and Marc Smith who have also held these appointments in this elite program,” said Dr. Bert Bras, Interim Chair of the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Brook Byers Professor.

Ranjan’s research program focuses on the mixing of materials at extreme conditions, the physics of hydrodynamic instabilities, and advanced power conversion cycles. His research efforts can potentially lead to advances in a number of fields including, energy, environment and most pertinently, inertial confinement fusion devices.

Ranjan is a recipient of National Science Foundation CAREER Award, US AFOSR Young Investigator Award and the DOE-Early Career Award, and was named J. Erskine Love Jr. Faculty Fellow in 2015.

Alumna Sophia Velastegui Discusses Life After Georgia Tech

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Woodruff School alumna and advisory board member Sophia Velastegui recently gave a talk to the Georgia Tech ASME chapter about life after Tech and her career.  The Woodruff School communications team conducted a short interview with Sophia after her talk.  Here are a few excerpts from that interview: 

Can you tell us a little bit about your background?  Why did you choose Georgia Tech and what have you been up to since getting out?

Thank you so much for having me here at Georgia Tech. Why I picked Georgia Tech... I was in the highest tier in my high school and I actually ended up graduating a year early because I did so well. I got into all of the seven schools I applied to but because of various situations with my family, they were no longer able to pay for my college. I made a statement to all of the different universities saying this is what happened, my family ended up filing for bankruptcy, and I have to differ college for a year unless there's something else we can work out. They all said, “well, you’ve received a performance scholarship that’s more than most” and I said, that's not the situation and if I don't get further assistance, I will not be able to attend. Georgia Tech came back and said, “You're an exceptional person and we know this is an exceptional situation. You have the highest scholarship for merit based, and we'll pay for the rest.” I was really blown away because that was very different from the other six universities and so because of that I’m very loyal to Georgia Tech. I had the opportunity to be on the board for The Woodruff School as well as the Berkley Mechanical Engineering department. I picked Georgia Tech because when things were incredibly hard - one of the hardest times I've ever had in my life, Georgia Tech was there for me. Of course, I also met my husband so there's other benefits - but really it set me up in my career, in my life - my husband, my family - the least I can do is give back to the university. So that's one of the reasons I picked Georgia Tech.
I'm an immigrant from Korea - I came when I was one year old to New York City and grew up there and have always been interested in science and technology and Georgia Tech really fit into those interests that I had.

So since you've graduated from Tech - can you touch on the trajectory in your career that's gotten you to where you are now?

So I continued on my education getting a master's in mechanical engineering/materials science at Berkley. My research was more into chemical vapor deposition which is semiconductor processing so I ended working at Applied Material which is the leading company in that area. And then my parents asked me “what do you do?” I stated that I’m at Applied Materials and I’m the lead researcher for chemical vapor deposition which is a tool that makes the chips that are the brain of a computer. They asked me to send a picture. So I sent them a picture, which was me in a clean room wearing a white gown with safety glasses, and they interpreted that as me aspiring to be the first Korean/American astronaut. As funny as that is, because I try to explain how I'm not an astronaut - they didn't understand. They love technology but they are not tech savvy. So I want to be able to give technology to all those individuals like that. So I decided to go into consumer electronics. I ended up going from Applied Materials to a startup that was more in between consumer electronics and semi-conductor and ended up working at Apple as a product manager for desktop lines and was promoted to laptop and special projects. From there I had the opportunity to work in hydrophobic coding, work with the R&D group of Apple, and I met their platform architect program management team and got to work across advanced technologies that supported all of Apple from advanced communication protocol, materials, biometric sensors, to Siri, to so many other things that I cannot even talk about because those domains are not usually associated with Apple. And then because of some of the work I did there, I was approached by Nast, which is a smart home company, and ended up being their head of silicon architecture roadmap and then expanded to do other advanced technology product management and program management for IOT as well as for wearable. They got purchased by Google and I had an opportunity to be the chief product officer at a startup that used wearables and AI to personalize experiences for the individual taking into account the environment they are in. That was a wonderful journey and then I found that it was not viable - I was exploring other options and I had a chance to grab coffee with the executive VP at Microsoft and became the GM in the AI group of Product Knowledge and Conversation.

So what does that job entail?

It's a product definition program - the relationship of different things in the world and how they correlate to each other. Sometimes I say it's like the common sense of things. You know where things are in relationship to each other - what a mother needs, what a father needs, in relation to each other, to the child and so forth, amongst other things. The features of the knowledge graph and computation is based on natural language and how to determine that - we support things, a lot of the natural language queries, as well as relationships of other related searches or similar searches or images that are being pulled together -that's actually being provided by the Microsoft knowledge graph. We also recently, last month, launched a feature that has different world knowledge that has been brought into excel and then it can self-populate information.

You were listed as one of Business Insiders top 43 powerful female engineers in US technology, what does that mean to you and are there any female engineers in that group that have influenced you or that you admire?

I was completely surprised. Actually, someone texted me about it and I thought they were joking. Is it April Fools? No, it's February! Maybe someone is still joking - I didn't believe it. It was actually for some of the work that I did at Google and so it was an incredible honor. I looked at the list of the women there  - some of them I know personally and I’m like wow! It was very heartfelt and I’m very appreciative. Some of the women I have such admiration for - Peggy Dawson of Microsoft, she's the executive VP of Business Development there, to Rossa Romana Qua – who’s at Bank of America. It's a wide host - a lot of them based in Silicon Valley. It's actually surprising that I had personal relationships with at least a dozen of them. That was interesting.

We really appreciate you spending time inspiring our students with your experiences.  Do you have any advice you’d like to share with ME students that couldn’t be at your talk today? Undergraduate and graduate?

Two things. Stay curious. By staying curious you'll explore things that are outside of what you are doing foundationally and you'll be able to see trends in the edges of what is maybe the peripheral of your job. Also, by staying curious you are more likely to play and learn and that can be great - that's one of the things that you'll see is that I changed careers in the main job function and it's because of my curiosity that I've been very successful in doing - successful in the things that I've accomplished there. Number two is networking. Every single job that I've received or opportunity was because of networking.

You also provide thought leadership through your advisory board involvement with the Woodruff School and the College of Engineering.  What has inspired you to stay so involved with Georgia Tech, particularly as you are so far away from Atlanta?

My family and I were in the bay area in California and I had opportunities at Georgia Tech to get on their board as well as Berkley and other universities. I chose Georgia Tech. As I had said, during the hard times in my life, Georgia Tech was there for me and I met my wonderful husband here. But it's also because Georgia Tech gives me a different perspective and that's really important because the world is not silicon valley. Silicon valley does not represent the world. It's variation and perspective and perspective is not just about your ethnic background or your sex, or even the region of where you grew and there's a culture around all of that too. And Georgia Tech provides that richness that I can think differently. That I can be able to put myself in different shoes and I think that's a great skill set especially as a product manager because the people who purchase your product or your services they are not all from silicon valley.

You’re being inducted into the Academy of Distinguished Engineering Alumni on Saturday evening.  What does it mean to you to receive this award?

It means that I made the right choice in coming to Georgia Tech. The lessons I've learned here have lead me to this success. That the volunteer work as well as the board work I do for Georgia Tech is appreciated and I feel it's such a great honor to be part of the institution as a whole. It's pretty amazing, from Create-X to the online education opportunities to really help all individuals that are interested in getting higher education to have that. It is also recognition of the work I've done in the industry - there are so many ways that I'm very humbled.

So what's next for you?

I don't know. I’m now concentrating very much on AI and the work I'm doing with Microsoft and how important it is in technology development. And that it will enrich our lives just like the computer has enriched our lives. Like my parents, as I stated, they love technology but they didn't understand it. Now I was able to be part of that wave that gave them consumer electronics that they can use. My grandmother uses and loves music shuffling. This is the best invention since sliced bread! And AI can help do that too.

What does Mechanical Engineering - what does that mean to you?

Mechanical Engineering, at least to me, is understanding the physical world and applying engineering. That’s how I see it. It has changed over time but that's where I think it’s so important - that in this digital world we are still human, we are still in this environment and we interact with it. We interact with physical things and physical things have matter in how we feel and how we see the world and understanding that. Mechanical Engineering is very well situated in that. It's a foundation - that we are not isolated from the environment we are in.

Capstone Sponsor Spotlight: Not Impossible Labs

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The Capstone Design course is generously supported by numerous corporate partners and alumni. This weekly article series will highlight a few select sponsors, their projects and the student teams working on their projects.

This week’s spotlight sponsor is first-time Capstone Design sponsor, Not Impossible Labs. Not Impossible Labs is an award-winning laboratory that focuses on creating impactful and innovative technological solutions for people and communities in need. Every year, 1.5 million children die from vaccine-preventable diseases. The mission of this project, called Vaccine: Not Impossible, is to develop, pilot, and implement creative solutions that alleviate issues related to ‘Last Mile’ logistics and that aid in delivering vaccines to the millions who are left isolated from conventional efforts. The ‘Last Mile’ is the final distance between the vaccine distribution centers and most hard to reach areas. Pfizer has supported Not Impossible Labs to help create solutions to both get vaccines to people in ‘Last Mile’ communities and to get people to the vaccines.  To date, Not Impossible Labs has hosted round table discussions and a 12 hour engineering hackathon to start brainstorming innovative ways to solve this issue. This semester, Not Impossible Labs is sponsoring two Mechanical Engineering teams. They are expecting the teams to create proofs of concept that can be later be used in pilot programs in Africa. Not Impossible Labs is making the impossible Not Impossible by working with a community of engineers, problem solvers, and creative minds.
 
Team 1: LifeBoat - Brian Decker, John Buffum, Shane Kearney, Nicholas Johnson, Sienna Creech, Richard PurdyTeam Lifeboat Capstone display and prototype
 
Problem: Getting Vaccines to the People: Not Impossible Labs is currently focusing on transporting vaccines to people in remote areas utilizing waterways in developing nations. Vaccines undergo a complicated journey to get from cold-storage facilities to ‘Last Mile’ communities. The vaccines may not make it due to transportation issues, weather conditions, poor infrastructure, topography, and local conflict. Other organizations are using aerial drones to deliver vaccines, blood and other medical supplies, but Not Impossible Labs wants to create a boat drone that will utilize Africa’s rivers and tributary systems. Not Impossible Labs is looking to develop an unmanned solution that utilizes waterways to get vaccines from facilities to remote villages.
 
Projected Impact: Utilizing a pharmaceutical boat drone to deliver vaccines can help reduce the dangers that health workers face when delivering vaccines to ‘Last Mile’ communities. Healthcare workers often travel long distances through challenging terrains while carrying cold-storage vaccine containers to get vaccines to isolated areas. Using a boat drone to transfer vaccines in a secured, cold-storage container can reduce the need for volunteers to travel to ‘Last Mile’ communities themselves and reduces the dangers they could face during the journey. The drone boats could utilize water currents to save money and energy when transporting vaccines while using water to help keep vaccines cool during transport. Team ‘LifeBoat’ hopes that their project will spur others to create solutions for vaccine transportation.
 
Proposed Solution: Team ‘LifeBoat’ created an unmanned boat that can be used to deliver vaccines to isolated communities. The team talked with professors to determine what path to take for the project. They have several sketches and CAD drawings of boat hull designs and will test the boat in a drag tank to help determine a boat hull design.
 
 
Team 2: Geeky Blinders - Omar Ragheb, Devshan Renganathan, Omar Raslan, Claire Miller, Aaron Orquia, Matthew Derrico
 
Team Geeky Builders prototype at Capstone ExpoProblem: Getting People to Vaccines: In the most vulnerable areas, the closest health centers are often located hours or days away. A trip to a health center could cause people to lose out on earnings from working. Because ‘Last Mile’ areas are so isolated, communication between these areas and vaccine distribution centers is often difficult. Information about which days people can get vaccinated are confused, or people arrive after all the vaccines have been administered. Often, these communities rely on a single phone to communicate. It is similar to a game of telephone. While the information passed along starts off being accurate, as the information spreads, it becomes more inaccurate. Not Impossible Labs would like Team “Geeky Blinders” to create a sound amplification device so people in these communities can all hear the information about vaccines from a single phone.
 
Projected Impact: In some ‘Last Mile’ communities, there can be mistrust or misunderstandings about vaccines. The developed sound amplification device is intended to improve communication between the outside world and the ‘Last Mile’ communities. Improving communication between health specialists and these communities could help clarify misconceptions about vaccinations. The communication would also allow people to not waste a day traveling to a distribution center on a day when vaccines are not being administered. The sound amplification system will also allow communities to share their cell phone resources. Team ‘Geeky Blinders’ is excited to be a part of a project that has the potential to improve access to critical vaccines.
 
Proposed Solution: Not Impossible Labs and team ‘Geeky Blinders’ have been working with an organization called SaraConnects to design a sound amplification device that would connect to any phone. SaraConnects is an interactive Internet portal that allows any telephone, smart or not, to connect to the Internet. The founder of SaraConnects, Robert Sztybel, was a technical adviser for team ‘Geeky Blinders’ during the project.  Because each cell phone is different, the team had to figure out a way to connect their solar-powered sound amplification device with any type of phone the users in ‘Last Mile’ communities may have. The team decided to use magnetic induction to universally connect with any phone. The team utilized tools in the Invention Studio, talked to professors for advice, and used supplies from the electronics lab to build their prototype. They created a prototype that encases speakers in wood to amplify the sound coming from the SaraConnects Portal. The goal is to allow people in a community to hear information from a phone clearly without having to crowd around a single phone. The communities should be able to use SaraConnects to not only get information about vaccines but to also listen to on-demand entertainment.
 
Mary O'Reilly, Director of Projects at Not Impossible Labs, said that she’s enjoyed working with Georgia Tech’s student teams and was excited to have brilliant engineering minds and fresh sets of eyes look at the projects. She was also impressed with the incredible amount of research conducted and reasoning behind different design decisions. After the Capstone Design Expo, Not Impossible Labs will be visiting some ‘Last Mile’ communities in Africa and speaking with NGOs (non-governmental organizations) who help distribute vaccines to determine where they can start pilot programs for the unmanned boats and sound amplification devices. The pilot programs will further test the design concept to determine how these solutions can be integrated into everyday life in these areas. Once Not Impossible Labs gathers data from the pilot programs, they intend to make improvements on the designs to better serve the communities. Learn more about Vaccine: Not Impossible by visiting http://www.notimpossible.com/vaccine.
 
All senior students in Mechanical Engineering culminate their undergraduate educational experience with the Senior Capstone Design course in order to provide firsthand experience at solving real world problems in a team environment. Students typically work in teams of four to six individuals and each team is advised by a faculty member. You can find more information on the Capstone Design Expo at http://expo.gatech.edu/. Companies interested in submitting a project for consideration can contact Dr. Amit S. Jariwala, at 404-894-3931 or via email at: amit.jariwala@gatech.edu.
 

Ranjan Named 2018-2020 Provost Teaching and Learning Fellow

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Dr. Devesh RanjanWoodruff School Associate Professor Devesh Ranjan has been selected to serve as one of five 2018-2020 Provost Teaching and Learning Fellows by the Center for Teaching and Learning and the Dean of the College of Engineering. 
 
“Being recognized as a Provost Teaching and Learning Fellow is an honor for our faculty who have shown a commitment to effective teaching and learning,” said Steve McLaughlin, Dean of the College of Engineering and Southern Company Chair. “This is an opportunity for them to play a leadership role across the campus and within the College regarding innovative programs for faculty, postdoctoral scholars, and graduate students who want to enhance their teaching practices.”
 
“I am honored to have been selected as a Provost Teaching and Learning Fellow as  it will allow me to gain and exchange knowledge about innovation in teaching/education and meet and learn from other educators at GT campus from across various disciplines,” said Dr. Ranjan. “I strongly believe that the 21st century challenge in higher education is to meet our students where they are, and utilize the power of emerging technologies, instructional tools, and online forums to make classroom environment and learning processes more dynamic.”
 
The Provost Teaching and Learning Fellows program was jointly established by the Provost and the Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL) in Fall 2016 with the aim of strengthening teaching and learning in the colleges through an embedded system of ongoing instructional support and special initiatives. In this second group, Dr. Ranjan joins Dr. Thomas Fuller, Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; Dr. Kamran Paynabar, Industrial & Systems  Engineering; Dr. Dong Qin, Materials Science & Engineering; and Julian Jose Rimoli, Aerospace Engineering in the two-year fellowship.
 
“I am excited to extend invitations to our second cohort of Provost Teaching and Learning Fellows, and I especially look forward to working with Dr. Devesh Ranjan,” said Dr. Joyce Weinsheimer, Director for the Center for Teaching and Learning. “I am confident that his disciplinary expertise and his leadership efforts will enhance the profile of teaching and learning in the College of Engineering.”
 
Provost Teaching and Learning Fellows engage in topics such as cultivating change in higher education and fostering an environment that rewards teaching and learning. In addition, Provost Teaching and Learning Fellows work to develop and further college-specific initiatives, which are informed by discussions with key leaders in the colleges. 
 
“With this appointment, Devesh Ranjan exemplifies the Woodruff school’s continuous drive to improve the education of our students. Devesh joins ME faculty members Julie Linsey and Marc Smith who have also held these appointments in this elite program,” said Dr. Bert Bras, Interim Chair of the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Brook Byers Professor. 
 
Ranjan’s research program focuses on the mixing of materials at extreme conditions, the physics of hydrodynamic instabilities, and advanced power conversion cycles. His research efforts can potentially lead to advances in a number of fields including, energy, environment and most pertinently, inertial confinement fusion devices. 
 
Ranjan is a recipient of National Science Foundation CAREER Award, US AFOSR Young Investigator Award and the DOE-Early Career Award, and was named J. Erskine Love Jr. Faculty Fellow in 2015.

Shi

Ultrafast Compression Offers New Way to Get Macromolecules into Cells

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Image shows a microfluidic chip to which dye has been added to show the channels. (Credit: Rob Felt, Georgia Tech)By treating living cells like tiny absorbent sponges, researchers have developed a potentially new way to introduce molecules and therapeutic genes into human cells. 
 
The technique first compresses cells in a microfluidic device by rapidly flowing them through a series of tiny “speed bumps” built into the micro-channels, which compresses out small amounts of fluid – known as cytosol – from inside the cells. The cells then naturally recover and refill themselves, sucking up surrounding fluid and pulling in macromolecules or genes mixed into it. Though the abrupt collisions can reduce cell volume by as much as 30 percent, the cells rapidly rebound and less than five percent of cells experience viability loss.
 
The new technique is known as cell volume exchange for convective transfer, or cell VECT. It is believed to be the first compression process to prompt highly transient cell volume exchange by utilizing the ability of cells to lose and rapidly recover their cytosol. The research, which was supported by the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health and Wallace H. Coulter Foundation, was reported online April 17 by the journal Materials Today.
 
“We are taking advantage of an intrinsic mechanical property of cells,” said Anna Liu, a Ph.D. candidate in the laboratory of Associate Professor Todd Sulchek in Georgia Tech’s Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering. “When cells are compressed suddenly over a period of microseconds, they lose some of their volume. The cells are exchanging volume with the fluid around them, and that’s what allows them to convectively take up macromolecules from their environment.”
 
The technique could be useful for cell transfection, in which a target gene is introduced into human cells to cause behavior that the cells wouldn’t ordinarily exhibit, such as expression of a protein. There are a number of existing techniques for introducing genetic material into living cells, including the use of specially-designed viruses, but existing techniques have significant disadvantages. 
 
A broad range of therapeutic and diagnostic applications could benefit from introduction of large molecules, which could also be used as markers for quality control purposes in cell manufacturing. “There are a lot of reasons to want to deliver molecules to the interior of cells, but there are not a lot of good ways to do it,” said Liu, who is a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow.
 
The researchers discovered the compression and volume change phenomena while developing techniques for sorting cells according to their mechanical properties. In their microfluidic devices, compression forced softer cells to move in one direction, while stiffer cells took a different path. Though the research focused on cancer detection, it also produced a new understanding of what happens to cells when they are compressed rapidly.
 
“Our technique doesn’t depend at all on the properties of macromolecules to do the work,” Liu explained. “The activity is all caused by the convective influx of fluid volume back into the cells. The molecules in the fluid are just along for the ride, which allows us to transfer molecules without regard to their size or properties.”
 
Speed of compression is critical. If cells undergo compression over longer periods of time, they can deform gradually and maintain their volume. The entire cell VECT compression and relaxation process takes milliseconds, causing the cells to deform Researchers have developed a potentially new way to introduce macromolecules and therapeutic genes into human cells. Shown is National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow Anna Liu. (Credit: Rob Felt, Georgia Tech)suddenly without conserving volume. Yet the process has little to no effect on cell viability. “We have done a variety of tests to see if cell viability, function and gene expression are altered, and we haven’t seen any significant differences,” Liu said.
 
The researchers have studied a wide range of human cell types, from prostate cancer to leukemia cells, and even primary T cells. They began with delivering a polysaccharide, dextran, and followed up with proteins, RNA and plasmids. To explore the limits of the technique, they used cell VECT to move 100-nanometer particles into cells.
 
Beyond transferring therapeutic and diagnostic macromolecules that are now difficult to introduce into cells, the technique could allow larger macromolecules to be delivered to cells, opening new possibilities for cell engineering and therapies. 
 
“Cell VECT means we are no longer limited by the size of the cargo that a virus can carry,” said Alexander Alexeev, an associate professor in the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and a collaborator on the research. “This may open a new way for researchers to engineer living cells using more complex molecules. Cargo size would no longer be a critical issue.”
 
By introducing labeling molecules into cells, the cell VECT technique could also provide a reliable and reproducible quality control technique for manufacturing processes that generate therapeutic cells, Sulchek noted.
 
In future work, the researchers plan to develop a better understanding of how the technique works, study the parameters of the process – and observe cells over long periods of time to make sure there are no ill effects.
 
“There is still a basic science understanding that we need to develop,” Sulchek said. “We’d like to characterize what leaves the cells, and under what conditions they leave. We want to know how fast things return, what are the limitations of that return, and where they go in the cell when they do return.”
 
In addition to those already mentioned, the research included Muhymin Islam, Nicholas Stone, Vikram Varadarajan, Jenny Jeong, Samuel Bowie and Peng Qiu of Georgia Tech and Edmund K. Waller of Emory University.
 
This work was supported by the NSF Stem Cell Biomanufacturing IGERT, the Wallace H. Coulter Translational Partnership Research Award, the Achievement Rewards for College Scientists (ARCS) Scholars Award, NIH award 1R21CA191243-01A1, and the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-1650044.
 
CITATION: Anna Liu, et al., “Microfluidic generation of transient cell volume exchange for convectively driven intracellular delivery of large macromolecules,” (Materials Today, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2018.03.002
 
- John Toon, Research News, Georgia Institute of Technology

Mayo Clinic Taps Tech Capstone Team

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BME and ME students collaborate on novel device to improve epidural procedures
 
Team Neuraline and Dr. Rains: Pictured are (left to right), Professor of the Practice James Rains, and Capstone students Cassidy Wang, Dev Mandavia, Marci Medford, Lucas Muller, and Alex Bills. Larry Huang has made a career of turning good ideas into tangible results.
 
Since graduating from the Georgia Institute of Technology with a degree in industrial management in 1973, he’s been an entrepreneur, helping to create billion-dollar companies. He’s been a race car driver, competing in the NASCAR Rolex Grand-Am Sports Car series. A former member of the Georgia Tech Foundation Board of Trustees, he’s been a philanthropist, endowing the Lawrence P. Huang Chair in Engineering Entrepreneurship (currently held by David Ku, researcher in the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience at Georgia Tech.
 
Recently, Huang has taken on a new role: matchmaker. Through a series of events that he encapsulates as “a really serendipitous situation,” Huang linked Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, with a team of interdisciplinary Capstone Design students at Georgia Tech, forging a new collaboration in the evolving relationship between Mayo and Tech’s bio-community.
 
“It’s the classic win-win scenario,” says Huang, who is a patient at Mayo, where his reputation preceded him – Huang’s generosity had previously nourished Mayo Clinic Ventures, and he’s been trying to jumpstart technology infrastructure in Jacksonville since moving to the area 18 years ago, “with limited success,” he says.
 
But the southern stars are aligning as Mayo Clinic is in the midst of a massive $330 million expansion on its Florida campus, “to enhance research and innovation,” according to Gianrico Farrugia (physician and CEO of Mayo Clinic’s Florida campus) and Tushar Patel (physician scientist and Mayo’s Dean for Research in Florida), in a newspaper editorial they co-wrote last year.
 
“Mayo has a tremendous amount of intellectual property, and they’re building an incubator to commercialize that, they want to develop a start-up hub for the Southeast. But it became obvious to me right away that there is a missing piece,” says Huang, who met with Charles Bruce, M.D., the Mayo physician leading the effort. “You can have all the intellectual property, the clinicians, the technical and scientific knowledge, but in order to build a product or a service, you need engineers and a business plan.”
 
 
 
Going to the Source
Since Huang had graduated, a thriving bioengineering and biomedical engineering community had emerged at Georgia Tech, so he knew exactly where to turn. Huang brought Mayo’s planners together with leadership at Georgia Tech, including Petit Institute Executive Director Bob Guldberg, Scheller College of Business Dean Maryam Alavi, and James Rains, who directs the Capstone program for the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) at Georgia Tech and Emory University.
 
“So we started looking for Capstone teams with a real entrepreneurial interest, and a lot of people applied,” says Rains. Ultimately, they selected an interdisciplinary team of five biomedical and mechanical engineering students that called itself – of course – Cinco de Mayo.
 
The team has three BME students: Dev Mandavia, Marci Medford, Cassidy Wang; and two from the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering: Alex Bills and Lucas Muller. If there was an ace in the hole, it was probably Mandavia, who has valuable experience when it comes to competitive entrepreneurial endeavors. He helped lead the BME team (CauteryGuard) that won last year’s Georgia Tech and Atlantic Coast Conference InVenture Prizes.
 
Cinco de Mayo actually got a head-start on its spring semester Capstone project, making trips to Jacksonville before the semester to meet with clinicians. According to Medford, they conducted about 200 interviews with personnel at Mayo, as well as the Piedmont and Grady health systems in Atlanta.
 
“We decided to focus on epidurals, because we realized there are so many complications related to the procedure, and we felt that we could make an impact,” says Medford.
 
The team considered about 10 different problems supplied by Mayo clinicians, asking itself, “what is going to have the biggest impact and be the easiest to implement, that last part being pretty important,” says Mandavia. “Having gone through the process of developing a medical device last year with CauteryGuard, I knew that you can create the best thing in the world, but if nobody’s interested in using it, you can’t really impact change.”
 
 
 
Sharp Focus
They focused on the delivery of neuraxial anesthesia (like an epidural), used extensively in the obstetric setting to alleviate pain during childbirth. With an epidural, a needle is inserted into the back to deliver drugs into the space around the spinal cord. Currently, these procedures are conducted without imaging or precise feedback that could alert the physician where and how deep to insert the needle.
 
“The clinical issue is getting guidance or feedback when gaining access to the epidural and intrathecal space,” says cardiologist/cardiac electrophysiologist K.L. Venkatachalam, M.D., one of the clinicians that worked with the Capstone team. “This is presently done with a special needle and most procedures are done simply based on anatomic considerations, with very little feedback about optimal position and angle of the needle.”
 
So, physicians are virtually blind, depending on tactile feedback and “loss of resistance” upon entry into the epidural space. Proficiency is gained and maintained only through continuous practice. Meanwhile, multiple attempts are usually made to place the needle, increasing pain and the risk of complications.
 
“This is a standard practice in labor and delivery,” Mandavia says. “These procedures are done millions of times a year. You can’t use fluoroscopy or X-rays, because you expose the baby to harmful radiation.”
 
The current version of the ‘NeuraLine’ device they developed uses bioelectric impedance analysis and/or force sensing, allowing physicians to identify entry into specific anatomical spaces. Other modalities may also be explored. The Cinco de Mayo team will have a better sense of its next steps following a May 4th meeting at Mayo, an opportunity to show and tell for an audience of clinicians and experts.
 
 
 
Public Debut
First, they unveiled the product at the spring semester Capstone Design Expo (April 24), a competition won by a BME team called Kit Cath. Then they spent the next week and a half preparing for the meeting at Mayo, which Mandavia described as, “a culmination of everything we’ve done, the steps we took to get here, the prototyping, the iterations, the user interviews, everything that went into it, and also a look into the future. We really think this is something that could impact a lot of people.”
 
Their device aims to improve clinical confidence, minimize complication rates, and eliminate the steep learning curve of the current practice. Accounting for all neuroaxial procedures in the U.S., the team estimates the total addressable market to be $5 billion. The team plans to devote itself to further development of the device this summer.
 
And going forward, professor of the practice James Rains envisions an ongoing relationship between the Mayo Clinic and BME Capstone teams, “in which we connect these outstanding young engineers with leading physicians to solve clinical problems.”
 
Mayo already is collaborating with Georgia Tech’s bio-community in a meaningful way as an organizing partner and gold sponsor of the annual Regenerative Medicine Workshop, launched by Tech more than two decades ago and brought together each year by a team that also includes the University of Wisconsin, University of Pittsburgh, and the Regenerative Engineering and Medicine Center (a partnership of Emory, Georgia Tech, and the University of Georgia).
 
This kind of cross pollination between disciplines, between engineering students and clinicians, “is crucial in coming up with solutions to this problem,” says Venkatachalam. “This was a great example of working together to come up with a viable, inexpensive solution.”
 
The students and Mayo clinicians kept in touch throughout the process with weekly video conferences, looking at various approaches, as well as several face-to-face meetings, which allowed the physicians to show the engineering students the clinical arena and the challenges health care providers face during the procedure.
 
“I thought the students were bright, enthusiastic, and motivated to succeed,” Venkatachalam says. “I was pleased to see them step back to get a good understanding of the big picture, including the clinical need and the potential market.”
 
For Larry Huang, the value of partnering with Capstone students is something he became well acquainted with last year, when he tapped a team of mechanical engineering (ME) students to redesign the intake system for the air box on one of his race cars.
 
But this latest experience with the interdisciplinary team of BME and ME students gets closer to the core of what has driven him for more than 40 years.
 
“I’ve been interested in the commercialization of technology for a long time,” Huang says. “It’s because I’ve always thought that this is a way to really make people’s lives better while also creating value.”

Hytech Racing wins first place at Formula Hybrid Competition

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Georgia Tech student competition team Hytech Racing recently won first place in the electric category at the Formula Hybrid Competition, with high scores in Project Management, Design, and the Endurance Event. The Formula Hybrid Competition is an interdisciplinary design and engineering challenge that targets undergraduate and graduate university students. The teams must collaboratively design and build a formula-style electric or plug-in hybrid race car and subsequently compete in a series of events. Held from April 30–May 3 at the New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon, the competition drew 23 teams from across the US, as well as Canada, India and Turkey.

Click here for more photos from the competition.

Woodruff School Faculty Receive MURI Award from DoD

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The Department of Defense announced that it will issue twenty-four awards, totaling $169 million over five years, to academic institutions to perform multidisciplinary basic research. Woodruff School researchers have been awarded two MURI awards totaling $15M, including $7.5M to carry out research on "Enhancing Thermal Transport at Material Interfaces."

“The Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative program, or MURI, supports research by funding teams of investigators that include more than one traditional science and engineering discipline in order to accelerate the research progress,” said Dale Ormond, Principal Director for Research in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering.  According to Ormond, most of the program’s efforts involve researchers from multiple academic institutions and academic departments.  “MURI awards also support the education and training of graduate students in cutting-edge research areas,” Ormond stated. 

Under the Department of Defense MURI Program, a team led by the Georgia Institute of Technology along with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; University of Notre Dame; University of Virginia; University of California, Los Angeles; and the University of South Carolina will investigate how to improve the extraction of heat from within wide bandgap semiconductor devices to help address some of the concerns with cooling next generation wide bandgap power electronics.

Dr. Samuel GrahamLed by Professor Samuel Graham of the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, the team brings together experts in heat transfer, materials science, electrical engineering, and materials synthesis to address fundamental questions of how heat flows across semiconductor interfaces and how one might manipulate this phenomena. 

One of the factors limiting extraction of heat is the thermal resistance that occurs at interfaces within devices made from materials like GaN, a prime candidate for future power electronics.  The resistance to heat flow at an interface arises from the fact that the atoms in one material vibrate different from the neighboring material’s. This can make it difficult for the atoms to pass energy across their interface, thereby slowing down the flow of the heat out of the device - which makes the device operate hotter. The team will be taking a new approach to solving this problem by using new modeling tools developed at Georgia Tech by Associate Professor Asegun Henry. These modeling tools help to explain how phonon vibrational modes, the carriers of heat, are transported across material interfaces. By using these models along with some new experimental tools, the team will design the structure of these interfaces to maximize the thermal energy transfer across interfaces in order to eliminate any bottlenecks in the extraction of heat.

“This is an exciting program that will allow us to understand the phonon physics at material interfaces to a level where we can finally design them.  It will take more than just experts in heat transfer to do this, but a team that also understands how to synthesize these materials with the right level of control and purity,” says Dr. Graham. “The experts from our team have already shown that it is possible to use the patterning of interfaces or implant specific atoms at interfaces in order to increase thermal conductance.  We will now have the ability to combine these experiments with our new modeling approach to understand why this occurs and to then use this methodology to design interfaces in wide bandgap power devices to enhance heat extraction.”  

 The team has also formed key partnerships that will assist in the study which include collaborations with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Northrop Grumman, University of Bristol (U.K.), and Nagoya University (Japan).  The program is sponsored by the Office of Naval Research with Program Managers Capt. Lynn Petersen and Dr. Mark Spector and will run for up to five years. 

Remembering Lawrence Dennis Ballou

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Lawrence Dennis BallouLawrence Dennis Ballou (‘54), of Tallulah Falls, Atlanta and Macon, GA, died on October 20, 2017 in Macon. 
 
Dennis Ballou began his 19 year teaching career at Georgia Tech in the winter of 1991. After teaching construction law, dynamics, and the mechanics of deformable bodies for Civil Engineering, Ballou gained a position teaching fundamental courses in mechanical engineering and senior courses in engineering analysis and design for the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering. He was named "Most Inspiring Professor" by Woodruff School students at the annual ME spring banquet in 2000. 
 
“All of the other events in my life pale in comparison to those related to my family.  But if, by chance, someone should enquire of my life, say that I was a graduate of the United States Naval Academy, Webb Institute, and the University of Georgia, serving my country as a naval officer, engineer, and lawyer; that I was a teacher at the Georgia Institute of Technology; that it was my will to be in the service of mankind; and that I tried to do my duty as God had given me the means to do so.”
 
Gifts in memory may be made to the Lawrence Dennis Ballou Scholarship Fund at Georgia Tech for students in the School of Mechanical Engineering.  Checks should be made to the Georgia Tech Foundation, Inc., 760 Spring Street, NW, Atlanta, GA 30308.

ME Team Wins 2nd Place in Siemens FutureMakers Challenge

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FutureMakers flow chart - Siemens FutureMakers Challenge

 

Woodruff School graduate students Changxuan Zhao, Kedar Josh, and Vinh Nguyen (all advised by Dr. Shreyes Melkote) won second place in the Seimens FutureMakers Challenge Hackathon with their project "Factory Automated Building (FAB).

The Hackathon challenges student teams to create a proof-of-concept software application that leverages the power of Machine Learning. Teams present their ideas to industry professionals emphasizing the feasibility, novelty, and value to Siemens.

The ME graduate teams worked to automate the process of creating Factory Simulation software by leveraging the power of Machine Learning to develop an application that would automatically create a Factory Simulation environment when presented with a part. Their application is expected to increase efficiency and quality in the manufacturing selection process.

"Our focus is Digital Manufacturing and Factory Automation. Our work involves developing digital twins of physical systems in addition to automating processes to create a high quality, safe, and efficient production environment," said Vinh Nguyen.

A Peek Inside Ga Tech's Smart Materials Lab

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Senior Member Nazanin Bassiri-Gharb is the director of the Smart Materials’ Advanced Research and Technology (SMART) Lab at Georgia Tech. Smart materials are becoming pervasive in many areas of engineering to help devices monitor and collect information about their environment and to assist in specific tasks. The materials—which include ceramics, polymers, and metal alloys—are becoming smaller and smarter.
 
In the Smart Materials’ Advanced Research and Technology (SMART) Lab at Georgia Tech, one of the team’s focus areas is lead zirconate titanate (known as PZT). It is one of the world’s most widely used piezoelectric ceramic materials, in which the compound can transform shape when an electric field is applied. PZT can measure changes in pressure, temperature, and force. Piezoelectric materials were first implemented during World War I, when they were used to detect submarines acoustically.
 
Today the materials have the potential to be inserted into the brain to treat neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s, and they can be applied to structural-health monitoring in nuclear power plants. Those are the types of projects being conducted at the SMART Lab, directed by Senior Member Nazanin Bassiri-Gharb, an associate professor at Georgia Tech's Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering. She’s also president of the IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society.
 
“Our materials are somewhere between cognitive and smart,” Bassiri-Gharb says. “We’re working on making them smarter by developing them to make decisions autonomously, interact with their environment in a way that makes sense and is safe, and perform a specific task.”
 
In this talk with The Institute, she provides more details about the work the lab is doing.
 
Why is your lab focused on PZT?
 
PZT is multifunctional and can be used for a host of applications including in robotic systems, energy harvesting, and data storage. One application we’re looking into is integration of the material in small devices for environments that are harmful to humans. After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, in Japan, for example, it was unsafe for people to go in and verify the radiation level in the power plant. Robots that cost several hundred thousand US dollars were sent in, but their materials soon broke down from the radiation’s effects.
 
PZT could be applied in much cheaper robots, as small as an insect. These millimeter-sized robots would be substantially more resistant to radiation than many of the current units, based on the current electronic controllers, memory and transducers—which are mostly based on semiconductor technology. And while PZT is not fully impervious to the effects of radiation, the cost reduction with respect to the current technology and the substantial improvement in radiation hardiness will be so staggering that losing a device or 10 won’t be significant.
 
What are some of the challenges when working with smart materials?
 
PZT thin films, for the smaller MEMS devices, must be processed at temperatures of between 700 and 800 °C. But to integrate PZT with CMOS technology, which provides the electronic decision-making ability, it can’t be processed at temperatures higher than 400 °C. Otherwise the CMOS functionality is lost.
 
My group is developing manufacturing approaches whereby the heat for the PZT processing is contained within the uppermost layers and does not affect the underlying CMOS device. If we can do that, we can develop fully miniaturized devices for various applications—which are particularly of interest for health-care applications where you want to be least invasive.
 
We have found that the smaller we make the piezoelectric materials—down to the micro or nano level—the more we need to understand their fundamental behavior and how they interact with their environment. We can’t design the next generation of materials without understanding this first.
 
Are there health concerns about using smart materials in the human body?
 
PZT does have lead, but if we can contain it, there shouldn’t be health issues. We would have to test any device to determine how long it could remain in the body and not cause harm. Of course, if we discover new, lead-free material, with the same quality of functional response of PZT, we would substitute it. There are many other compositions of piezoelectric materials, some also without lead. But we, as a scientific community, have been unable to replicate the very high responses of PZT ceramics in these materials.
 
Beyond PZT, there are a few other materials, still lead-based, that show even higher functional response than PZT, but they usually have even more demanding processing conditions. The cost is higher and the applications more niche. One application that we cannot develop without these new higher-response but still lead-containing materials is medical ultrasound. These devices still heavily use the piezoelectric elements for ultrasound wave transducers. We would love to make these transducers smaller, of course—an ultrasound pill that is minimally disruptive to the patient and potentially could be used to remedy locally if a specific issue is found.
 
You’re also working to apply PZT to treat neurodegenerative disease. Tell us about that.
 
Those with neurological diseases, like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, have uncontrollable brain neurons that discharge multiple electrical signals at a fast rate.
 
Currently there is a treatment for Parkinson’s that involves inserting four electrodes 10 to 12 centimeters deep into the brain. When the brain’s electrical signals are moving quickly, as in Parkinson’s, the electrodes are actuated and the neurons can be returned to their original baseline behavior. We want to replace this treatment with PZT material, but make it so small, about the size of a dust particle that can be implanted in the brain and stimulated through acoustic waves far less invasively than current treatments.
 
Similar work with so-called neural dust has been done at the University of California, Berkeley. But it faces the challenge of taking a bulk ceramic material and dicing it down to those dimensions. Our goal is to create the material in small enough a size and properly integrated with the electronics so the dimensions of the final device are as small as possible and the procedure is as minimally invasive as possible.
 
How far off are those applications?
 
Some already exist, but they’re not yet using all the materials’ functionalities. For example, the military has been developing small robotic units based on PZT for surveillance. Within the next 10 to 15 years we could have fully autonomous millimeter-size robots to monitor our environment for security and air quality.
 
With respect to the biomedical applications, some are clearly closer at hand than others. The medical ultrasound has been available on the market for many years. The challenge is to make them much smaller. Our colleagues at University of Glasgow have been pioneering some of the devices already, so I would say the same time frames apply.
 
One of the greatest challenges for biomedical applications, specifically when the devices are in continuous contact with the living tissue, is to make the materials safe. So I won’t dare forecast when the smart brain dust will be available, but I certainly hope to see an impact during my career.
 
- Monica Rozenfeld, the institute (The IEEE news source)

In Child-Crippling Mucolipidosis IV, Drug Shows Hope in Lab Cultures

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Georgia Tech assistant professor Levi Wood in his lab. Wood is a mechanical engineer who researches neurological diseases. In this photo, he is working on Alzheimer's disease. Credit: Georgia Tech / Rob Felt
Mucolipidosis IV debilitates afflicted children’s nervous systems in their first year of life, steals their eyesight in their teens and often takes their lives in their twenties, and so far, there is no therapy to fight it. Now, lab tests using an existing prescription drug have shown initial hope for a future treatment.
 
Fingolimod is used to treat a form of multiple sclerosis and is already FDA-approved. Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and at the Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute have led successful testing of fingolimod, in vitro, i.e. on lab cultures, in cells originating from the brains of mice genetically augmented to mimic mucolipidosis IV (MLIV).
 
The next step will be tests in living mice, and researchers are hopeful that continued research progress may lead to a quicker than usual approval for human clinical drug trials. Fingolimod has not been tested on human MLIV cells and is not yet prescribed to treat MLIV.
 
The researchers published their study in the latest edition of the journal Human Molecular Genetics. Their work was funded by the ML4 Foundation.
 
Cellular junk accumulation
 
Mucolipidosis IV is a rare hereditary disease with a cruelty that can rival cerebral palsy’s. MLIV strikes very early in life and goes from bad to worse.
 
“Around the age of 9 months, you see cognitive deficits,” said Levi Wood, an assistant professor in Georgia Tech’s School of Mechanical Engineering. Wood’s research focuses on neurological diseases. “The children never learn to speak, and hardly at all to walk.”
 
“When they go blind, it changes everything so badly, because the children stop recognizing faces, including their parents’,” said Yulia Grishchuk, a junior faculty member at Mass General and Harvard Medical School. She co-led the study with Wood.
 
MLIV is caused by a single mutated gene.
 
“It disrupts the lysosome (a cell organelle), which is responsible for recycling waste, and this causes it to pile up in the cell,” Grishchuk said. “Junk accumulates in all the cells of the body, but the brain suffers the most, and the eyes.”
 
Lab success: Astrocyte observation
 
The disease particularly throws off a group of cells in the brain called glial cells. One type, oligodendrocytes, produces the white sheathing called myelin that protects many neurons.
 
“These patients, and also our lab mice, have ineffective myelination,” Wood said. “That’s one thing that may be impeding brain function.”
 
Other glial cells, microglia and astrocytes, both have immune functions in the brain, and in this study, the researchers were able to observe for the first time that the latter were not behaving normally.
 
“The astrocytes’ activity is unusual in this disease and associated with increased inflammation,” Grishchuk said.
 
Grishchuk trained in the lab of Susan Slaugenhaupt, an MLIV pioneer who initially discovered the causal gene at Mass General and developed the mouse model used to study and fight the disease. Slaugenhaupt collaborated on this study.
 
Lab success: Astrocyte regulation
 
A certain type of multiple sclerosis, remitting-relapsing MS (RRMS), shares this odd astrocyte behavior, which gave the researchers the idea of testing a drug used to treat that disease in MLIV cell samples.
 
“We thought fingolimod would have a good chance because it works on astrocytes in MS,” Wood said.
 
It tested successfully in the researchers’ mouse-MLIV-astrocyte lab cultures, inhibiting the astrocytes’ abnormal behavior. Now, the researchers want to move on to live mouse models to see if treatment helps brain function.
 
Fingolimod was recently improved for pediatric treatment of RRMS. Also, if it positively affects astrocytes in clinical trials, there is hope fingolimod could also improve other glial cells’ functioning.
 
MLIV’s particular challenges
 
Very few people carry the mutated gene that causes MLIV, and the gene is recessive, meaning that to get the disease, not only do both parents have to carry it, but both have to pass on their respective recessive gene to the child.
 
Since the affliction is so rare, parents of a child with MLIV usually spend years going through misdiagnoses before correctly determining their child’s disease. And, ironically, though the effects of the disease are obviously visible, early on, neural damage is not.
 
“It’s neurodevelopmental in very early childhood. The neurodegeneration kicks in much later in life,” Grishchuk said.
 
Once a clinician or parent stumbles onto the disorder in medical literature, it can be confirmed by a genetic test. But then the parents are confronted with the cruel fact that there is no treatment at all for MLIV.
 
Research fight against MLIV
 
As with many rare diseases, research and development funding for MLIV is scarce, so researchers are pushed to find promise in existing FDA-approved medications for other conditions, so that clinical trials may become more likely.
 
If fingolimod does make it to a clinical trial to treat MLIV, it may be a one-shot proposition. If the trial fails, then subsequent clinical trials may not be possible for many years, since the patient pool is very small and participation in a failed clinical trial often rules out a patient’s inclusion in further trials with different medications.
 
If the drug advances to become an available treatment, it would ideally be combined with early disease detection, so that therapy could begin as young as possible, thus preempting neurological ravages and rescuing brain function without delay.
 
- Ben Brumfield, Georgia Institute of Technology
 

Zhao


Biomaterial Particles Educate Immune System to Accept Transplanted Islets

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Biomaterial particlesBy instructing key immune system cells to accept transplanted insulin-producing islets, researchers have opened a potentially new pathway for treating type 1 diabetes. If the approach is ultimately successful in humans, it could allow type 1 diabetes to be treated without the long-term complications of immune system suppression.
 
The technique, reported June 4 in the journal Nature Materials, uses synthetic hydrogel particles (microgels) to present a protein known as the Fas ligand (FasL) to immune system T-effector cells along with the pancreatic islets being transplanted. The FasL protein “educates” the effector cells – which serve as immune system watchdogs – causing them to accept the graft without rejection for at least 200 days in an animal model.
 
The FasL-presenting particles are simply mixed with the living islets before being transplanted into the mice, which suffer from chemically-induced diabetes. The researchers believe the FasL-presenting hydrogels would not need to be personalized, potentially allowing an “off-the-shelf” therapy for the transplanted islets.
 
Researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Louisville and University of Michigan collaborated on the work, which was supported by the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. A follow up study testing the approach in non-human primates has already begun.
 
“We have been able to demonstrate that we can create a biomaterial that interrupts the body’s desire to reject the transplant, while not requiring the recipient to remain on continuous standard immunosuppression,” said Haval Shirwan, the Dr. Michael and Joan Hamilton Endowed Chair in Autoimmune Disease at the University of Louisville School of Medicine and director of the Molecular Immunomodulation Program at the Institute for Cellular Therapeutics at the university. “We anticipate that further study will demonstrate potential use for many transplant types, including bone marrow and solid organs.”
 
In the United States, some 1.25 million persons have type 1 diabetes, which is different from the more common type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by immune system destruction of the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin in response to blood glucose levels. Treatment involves frequent injection of insulin to replace what the islets no longer produce. There is no long-term cure for the disease, though persons with type 1 diabetes have been treated experimentally with islet cell transplants – which almost always fail after a few years even with strong suppression of the immune system.
 
“Drugs that allow the transplantation of the islet cells are toxic to them,” said Andrés García, the Rae S. and Frank H. Neely Chair and Regents' Professor in Georgia Tech’s George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering. “Clinical trials with transplantation of islets showed effectiveness, but after a few years, the grafts were rejected. There is a lot of hope for this treatment, but we just can’t get consistent improvement.”
 
Among the problems, García said, is toxicity to the islet cells from the immune system suppression, which also makes patients more susceptible to other adverse effects such as infections and tumors. Other researchers are exploring techniques to protect the islets from attack, but have so far not been successful.
 
The research reported in Nature Materials takes a totally different approach. By presenting the FasL protein – which is a central regulator of immune system cells – the researchers can prevent the immune system from attacking the cells. Once they are educated at the time of transplantation, the cells appear to retain their acceptance of the transplanted islet cells long after the FasL has disappeared.
 
“At the time of transplantation, we take the islets that are harvested from cadavers and simply mix them with our particles in the operating room and deliver them to the animal,” García explained. “We do not have to modify the islets or suppress the immune system. After treatment, the animals can function normally and are cured from the diabetes while retaining their full immune system operation.”
 
The hydrogels can be prepared up to two weeks ahead of the transplant, and can be used with any islet cells. “The key technical advance is the ability to make this material that induces immune acceptance that can simply be mixed with the islets and delivered. We can make the biomaterial in our lab and ship them to where the transplantation will be done, potentially making it an off-the-shelf therapeutic.”
 
In the experimental mice, the islets were implanted into the kidneys and into an abdominal fat pad. If the treatment is ultimately used in humans, the islets and biomaterial would likely be placed laparoscopically into the omentum, a tissue with significant vasculature that is similar to the fat pad in mice. Garcia’s lab has previously shown that it can stimulate blood vessel growth into islet cells transplanted into this tissue in mice.
 
In future work, the researchers want to see if the graft acceptance can be retained in more complex immune systems, and for longer periods of time. By reducing damage to the cadaver islets, the new technique may be able to expand the number of patients that can treated with available donor cells.
 
García’s lab uses polymer hydrogel particles that are about 150 microns in diameter, about the same size as the islet cells. They engineer the particles to capture the FasL – a novel recombinant protein developed by Shirwan and Esma S. Yolcu, associate professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of Louisville – on the particle surface, where it can be seen by the effector cells.
 
In addition to those already mentioned, the research team included Devon M. Headen, Maria M. Coronel, Jessica Weaver, Michael D. Hunckler and Christopher T. Johnson from Georgia Tech; Kyle B. Woodward, Pradeep Shrestha, Hong Zhao, Min Tan, William S. Bowen and Esma S. Yolcu from the University of Louisville, and Lonnie Shea from the University of Michigan.
 
This work was funded in part by the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (2-SRA-2014-287-Q-R) and NIH (R21EB020107, R21AI113348, R56AI121281, and U01AI132817). Any conclusions or opinions are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the sponsoring organizations.
 
- John Toon, Research News, Georgia Institute of Technology

ME Graduate Students Win ITherm-2018 Awards

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ME grad students Yates, Pavlidis, Athavale, Brown and ChapmanFive Woodruff School graduate students received accolades at the ITherm-2018 Conference. Sponsored by the IEEE's Electronics Packaging Society (EPS), ITherm-2018 is an international conference for scientific and engineering exploration of thermal, thermomechanical and emerging technology issues associated with electronic devices, packages and systems.

Joel Chapman (advised by Dr. Andrei Fedorov) was awarded the Best Paper Award in Component Level Thermal Management Track for his paper Nanoelectrosprayed Liquid Jets for Evaporative Heat Transfer Enhancement

David B. Brown (advised by Dr. Satish Kumar) received the Outstanding Paper Award in Emerging Technologies and Fundamentals Track for his paper Thermal Boundary Conductance Mapping at Metal-MoSe2 Interface.

Luke Yates and George Pavlidis (both advised by Dr. Samuel Graham) received awards for Best Power Award in System Level Thermal Management Track for their project Electrical and Thermal Analysis of Vertical GaN-on-GaN PN Diodes and Outstanding Poster Award in Emerging Technologies and Fundamentals Track for their project Improving the Transient Thermal Characterization of GaN HEMTs.

Jayati Athavale (advised by Yogendra Joshi) was honored with the Outstanding Power Award in System Level Thermal Management Track for her work Artificial Neural Network Based Prediction of Temperature and Flow Profile in Data Centers.

The ITherm-2018 Conference was held in San Diego and featured panel discussions, keynote lectures by prominent speakers, invited Tech Talks and professional short courses. Papers were peer reviewed and will be published in the ITherm proceedings. Posters were selected for awards based on technical merit, clarity and self-sufficiency of the content, novelty and originality of the work, overall impact of the poster display and oral presentation at the poster session.

ME Faculty Win Research Awards to Advance Concentrated Solar Power

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Georgia Institute of Technology researchers are part of a new U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) initiative to develop the next generation of concentrated solar power (CSP), a technology that uses heat from the sun to turn power-generating turbines. CSP is an alternative to the better known photovoltaic technology, which produces electricity directly from sunlight.

Six Georgia Tech researchers will receive a portion of a $72 million DOE investment that will ultimately lead to construction and demonstration of an operating Generation 3 CSP facility. The Georgia Tech researchers will collect information on the thermophysical properties of molten salts used in concentrated solar facilities and study particle flows and heat transfer that may be part of thermal storage applications.

“Concentrated solar power is another option that allows us to generate electricity from sunlight,” said Shannon Yee, assistant professor in Georgia Tech’s George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and one of the award recipients. “Concentrated solar allows storage of the sun’s heat, so we can generate electricity even when the sun isn’t shining – at night, for example.”

Concentrated solar facilities use mirrors to concentrate sunlight that is then captured by solar receivers installed at the top of towers. Some existing installations use the heat to generate steam, which then drives a turbine to produce electric power. Engineers want to operate the facilities at higher temperatures – 700 degrees Celsius or above – to more effectively use the concentrated sunlight from fields of mirrors (i.e., heliostat fields) that deliver more concentrated sunlight to solar receivers than the widely used parabolic troughs.

“We have to move to higher and higher temperatures, which means we have to use materials that are more and more exotic,” said Yee, whose research team will receive a total of about $2 million during the five-year program. “We really don’t have the information we need about the thermophysical properties of these materials. Our goal will be to learn more about these materials, and to disseminate that information to the organizations that will be designing the new facility.”

An alternative to using molten salts is to use solid particle flows as a thermal energy carrier and storage medium to transfer thermal energy from the receiver to a working fluid to produce electricity. Understanding these materials will be the work of Associate Professors Peter Loutzenhiser and Devesh Ranjan, and Professor Zhuomin Zhang, all faculty members in the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering.

“We will be working together to characterize flow and model the heat transfer for different particles under different conditions as they are applied to CSP applications,” said Loutzenhiser, whose team will receive $1.4 million from the DOE over three years. “The end goal will be supporting the use of particles as solar energy storage and carrier media to provide on-demand electricity derived from supercritical CO2 and/or Air Brayton cycles. Solid particles are advantageous because they have high energy densities and can operate to higher temperatures without much degradation compared to molten salts.”

Ranjan compared the particle flow to that of volcanic lava. “The particles can absorb a lot of heat and allow us to move the thermal energy,” he said. “We will be looking at these particle flows in detail.”

The work will include both theoretical and applied aspects, Loutzenhiser noted. “We will examine fundamental behavior of the particle flows and heat transfer for different solar particle heating receiver configurations. This work will then be used to support the design and development of real technologies at scale-up that are being pursued by other Generation 3 researchers within the scope of the program. The project will culminate in a suite of experiments that will use our high-flux solar simulator to closely mimic the conditions that the particle flows would experience under sunlight in an actual solar receiver.”

In addition to Yee, Loutzenhiser, Ranjan and Zhang, the overall DOE project will also include Said Abdel-Khalik and Sheldon Jeter, also mechanical engineering professors, who will support the development of the demonstration CSP facility proposed by Sandia National Laboratories. The proposed Sandia design will use particle heating technology. The team led by Abdel-Khalik and Jeter has been developing particle heating CSP technology in collaboration with Sandia and others for several years. 

Ultimately one test facility will be built by a team to be chosen from among Sandia or competitors Brayton Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Those three organizations received preliminary awards from the DOE.

The new DOE funding will extend previous research on high-temperature components, develop them into integrated assemblies, and test these components and systems through a wide range of operational conditions, the agency said.

If successful, the DOE expects that this will result in reducing the cost of a CSP system by approximately $0.02 per kilowatt-hour, which is 40 percent of the way to the 2030 cost goals of $0.05 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) for baseload CSP plants.

“DOE has led the world in CSP research,” said Daniel Simmons, principal deputy assistant secretary for the DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. “These projects will help facilitate the next wave of new technologies and continue the effort to maintain American leadership in this space.”

Through the Generation 3 CSP program, three teams will compete to build an integrated system that can efficiently receive solar heat and deliver it to a working fluid at a temperature greater than 700 degrees Celsius, while incorporating thermal energy storage, the agency said in its news release. Over the first two-year period, those teams will work to de-risk various aspects of diversified CSP technology pathways, prepare a detailed design for a test facility, and be subjected to a rigorous review process to select a single awardee to construct their proposed facility. If selected, they will receive an additional $25 million over the subsequent three years to build a test facility that allows diverse teams of researchers, laboratories, developers and manufacturers to remove key technological risks for the next generation CSP technology, the DOE said.

Writer: John Toon

Photography: Candler Hobbs

Sodium- and Potassium-based Batteries Hold Promise for Cheap Energy Solution

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Matthew Boebinger, a graduate student at Georgia Tech, and Matthew McDowell, an assistant professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and the School of Materials Science and Engineering, used an electron microscope to observe chemFrom electric cars that travel hundreds of miles on a single charge to chainsaws as mighty as gas-powered versions, new products hit the market each year that take advantage of recent advances in battery technology.
 
But that growth has led to concerns that the world’s supply of lithium, the metal at the heart of many of the new rechargeable batteries, may eventually be depleted.
 
Now researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have found new evidence suggesting that batteries based on sodium and potassium hold promise as a potential alternative to lithium-based batteries.
 
“One of the biggest obstacles for sodium- and potassium-ion batteries has been that they tend to decay and degrade faster and hold less energy than alternatives,” said Matthew McDowell, an assistant professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and the School of Materials Science and Engineering.
 
“But we’ve found that’s not always the case,” he added.
 
For the study, which was published June 19 in the journal Joule and was sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy, the research team looked at how three different ions – lithium, sodium, and potassium – reacted with particles of iron sulfide, also called pyrite and fool’s gold.
 
As batteries charge and discharge, ions are constantly reacting with and penetrating the particles that make up the battery electrode. This reaction process causes large volume changes in the electrode’s particles, often breaking them up into small pieces. Because sodium and potassium ions are larger than lithium, it’s traditionally been thought that they cause more significant degradation when reacting with particles.
 
In their experiments, the reactions that occur inside a battery were directly observed inside an electron microscope, with the iron sulfide particles playing the role of a battery electrode. The researchers found that iron sulfide was more stable during reaction with sodium and potassium than with lithium, indicating that such a battery based on sodium or potassium could have a much longer life than expected.
 
The difference between how the different ions reacted was stark visually. When exposed to lithium, iron sulfide particles appeared to almost explode under the electron microscope. On the contrary, the iron sulfide expanded like a balloon when exposed to the sodium and potassium.
 
“We saw a very robust reaction with no fracture – something that suggests that this material and other materials like it could be used in these novel batteries with greater stability over time,” said Matthew Boebinger, a graduate student at Georgia Tech.
 
The study also casts doubt on the notion that large volume changes that occur during the electrochemical reaction are always a precursor to particle fracture, which causes electrode failure leading to battery degradation.
 
The researchers suggested that one possible reason for the difference in how the different ions reacted with the iron sulfide is that the lithium was more likely to concentrate its reaction along the particle’s sharp cube-like edges, whereas the reaction with sodium and potassium was more diffuse along all of the surface of the iron sulfide particle. As a result, the iron sulfide particle when reacting with sodium and potassium developed a more oval shape with rounded edges.
 
While there’s still more work to be done, the new research findings could help scientists design battery systems that use these types of novel materials.
 
“Lithium batteries are still the most attractive right now because they have the most energy density – you can pack a lot of energy in that space,” McDowell said. “Sodium and potassium batteries at this point don’t have more density, but they are based on elements a thousand times more abundant in the earth’s crust than lithium. So they could be much cheaper in the future, which is important for large scale energy storage – backup power for homes or the energy grid of the future.”
 
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. DMR-1652471, DMR-1410936, CMMI-1554393 and ECCS-1542174, as well as the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-SC0012704. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.
 
- Josh Brown, Georgia Tech News Center
 

GT Team Makes Boeing GoFly Finals

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Team HummingbuzzThe Boeing Company announced this week that Hummingbuzz - a Georgia Tech-based team of engineering students - is one of  just 10 teams to triumph in Phase I of the company's $2 million global GoFly Prize rotorcraft design competition.
 
As finalists, Team Hummingbuzz receives a $20,000 prize. If they prevail in the October 2019 finals, the team will qualify for the $2 million prize.
 
More than 600 Innovators from 30+ countries across six continents submitted designs for the first phase of the competition. Those designs were evaluated by a team of 97 industry experts with more than a millennium of combined professional experience.
 
"We educate our students so that their work can stand the test of real-world evaluation," said AE Chair Vigor Yang. "Nevertheless, this is a success that we could not take for granted. We are very proud."
 
Working together for two full semesters to design Hummingbuzz was a broad base of Georgia Tech undergrad and grad students: Yuanxin (Adam) Shen (AE), Shuyi (Suzie) Wang (ISYE), Brian Eberle (ME), Alistair Sequeira (AE). The effort was headed up by AE professor Daniel Schrage,  with  mentoring from his colleagues Prof. Marilyn Smith and Prof. J.V.R. Prasad, and AE research engineers Apinut Sirirojvisuth, and Sylvester V. Ashok.
 
Phase I of the competition tasked the engineers with developing a safe, quiet, ultra-compact, near vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) personal flying device capable of flying 20 miles while carrying a single person.
 
Although the requirements were tough, and the hours were long, the teams' passion for rotorcraft helped them prevail. 
 
Sequeria had to quickly learn new and advanced noise software to successfully conduct the preliminary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and noise simulations, which ultimately lead the team to execute on the winning design.  
 
"I convinced myself to believe that nothing would stop me from achieving the information required for the GoFly project," said Sequeria.
 
"So after many tries with the software, I was able to extract the noise readings for our concept."
 
Smith praised the team for their hard work:
 
“Adam and his team did a fantastic job in this design, both from a creative and a technical standpoint. Dr. Schrage’s guidance on the fundamentals of the design process continues to be a strength in vertical lift competitions here at Georgia Tech.” 
 
Phase II will consist of developing a prototype that can successfully perform at a minimum: vertical, or near-vertical, takeoff, followed by steady flight-out-of-ground effect, an aborted landing, and a vertical or near-vertical landing. Phase II finalist will be announced March 2019. 
 
The Team's student leader, Shen, knows it won't be an easy task to compete in the next phase.
 
"I think the most challenging thing for Phase II will be bringing it from conceptual design to prototype. To complete a project like this we will need to not only recruit the best and most talent engineers to continue our designs, but they will need to have passion for rotorcraft and the belief that this is the future." 
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